![]() In the poles, 90 degrees North and South, high pressure and Southerly winds in Northern Hemisphere and Northerly winds in Southern Hemisphere, the weather is cold with dry air and sparse rainfall in all seasons (DeFelice, Golden, Griffith, and et al. The area referred as easterlies, 0-30 degrees North and South, or horse latitudes the weather conditions differ drastically. In the doldrums region, the pressure being low and surface winds light and variable, the weather there is cloudy, and rainy all through the year. The weather differs at places with differing air pressure and surface winds. Thus, weather is a major factor in the erosion of earth’s surface (DeFelice, Golden, Griffith, and et al. Chemicals and sediments so released take part freely in chemical reactions that further affect the surface, and cause acid rain and deposition of salt in oceans and seas. The rain water absorbing and dissolving carbon dioxide of the surrounding air turns acidic that enhances its erosive properties. The weathering process leads to breaking down of soils and rocks to their basic substances. Weather plays a significant role in the shaping of the earth. The contrasting temperatures of tropical and the polar air cause jet stream ("Beware of Wild Weather” "Weather & Climate Basics”). The incidence of sun rays is direct for warmer regions than places farther from tropics as they get sunlight indirectly. A difference in surface temperature causes differences in pressure, and so, places at lower altitudes are warmer than that at higher altitudes. These differences of temperature and air pressure are caused by the incidence of sun rays in different angles at different places. Weather is the outcome of differences in air pressure between two places. All these weather conditions occur in the lower strata of the atmosphere that is adjacent to the earth. While less common features includes natural disasters as ice storms, tornadoes, typhoons and hurricanes. The severe weather conditions occurring on the earth include the rain, snow, cloud, wind, dust storm and fog. Human beings have been trying to influence and control weather since time immemorial ("Weather & Climate Basics" "Weather”). It is weather that regulates human lives and their activities. Weather forecasting refers to employment of science and technology to forecast weather conditions at a given time and location. That is why people have been trying to forecast weather conditions since long. Weather impacts lives of individuals and communities immensely. Causes of weather variations are imbalance in pressure. When the term weather is referred it is earth's weather and it differs from climate that refers to average weather conditions which sustain for a longer period. In this essay, we strive to know weather, its causes and effects, and weather forecasting and weather modification efforts. It is variations in day to day temperature that characterize weather and its conditions. These weather conditions occur in the lowest part of the earth’s atmosphere called troposphere. A summary and some unanswered questions are presented in the final section.Weather is referred as atmospheric conditions that may be warm or cold, clear or cloudy, wet or dry, and calm or stormy. The physical relation of the Earth’s changing climate with various long-term changes in the space environment have provided clues to the short-term/long-term changes. A few tools (models) to explain the dynamical space environment and its effects, incorporating real-time data for forecasting space weather, are also summarized. The impact of space weather on the terrestrial climate is discussed briefly. A variety of space weather effects and their societal as well as anthropogenic aspects are discussed. The Sun and the Earth are the two major elements of space weather, so the solar and the terrestrial perspectives are discussed in detail. In the present paper, we have reviewed various aspects of space weather and its present understanding. The physical processes involved in dealing with various space weather parameters have presented a challenge to the scientific community, with a threat of having a serious impact on modern society and humankind. In the last few decades, solar activity has been diminishing, and so space weather studies need to be revisited with more attention.
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